VEDANTAM: Well, that's kind of you, Lera. Newsletter: And then 10 years later when they're 49, you say, well, that picture of you at 39 is what you really are and whatever's happened to you since then is some sort of disaster or something that shouldn't have happened. It's part of a general running indication that everything's OK between you and the other person, just like one's expected to smile a little bit in most interactions. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. That said, if you hear one or two pieces of music that you really love, feel free to email us at [emailprotected] and well do our best to respond to your request. What techniques did that person use to persuade you? So in English, I might say that Sam (ph) broke the flute. UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #9: (Speaking German). Researcher Elizabeth Dunn helps us map out Having a sense of purpose can be a buffer against the challenges we all face at various stages of life. BORODITSKY: And Russian is a language that has grammatical gender, and different days of the week have different genders for some reason. If it is the first time you login, a new account will be created automatically. We're speaking today with cognitive science professor Lera Boroditsky about language. But I don't think that it's always clear to us that language has to change in that things are going to come in that we're going to hear as intrusions or as irritating or as mistakes, despite the fact that that's how you get from, say, old Persian to modern Persian. Purpose can also boost our health and longevity. As someone who works in media, I often find that people who can write well are often people who know how to think well, so I often equate clarity of writing with clarity of thought. VEDANTAM: One of the points you make in the book of course is that the evolution of words and their meanings is what gives us this flowering of hundreds or thousands of languages. something, even though it shouldn't be so much of an effort. Let's start with the word literally. Hidden Brain - Transcripts Hidden Brain - Transcripts Subscribe 435 episodes Share Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships. Subscribe to the Hidden Brain Podcast on your favorite podcast player so you never miss an episode. Because it was. That is exactly why you should say fewer books instead of less books in some situations and, yes, Billy and I went to the store rather than the perfectly natural Billy and me went to the store. Purpose can also boost our health and longevity. They know which way is which. It's too high. But might we allow that there's probably a part of all human beings that wants to look down on somebody else. You also see huge differences in other domains like number. You know, there's no left leg or right leg. Today in our Happiness 2.0 series, we revisit a favorite episode from 2020. Sometimes, life can feel like being stuck on a treadmill. And the answer should be, north, northeast in the far distance; how about you? If you grew up speaking a language other than English, you probably reach for words in your native tongue without even thinking about it. Subscribe to the Hidden Brain Podcast on your favorite podcast player so you never miss an episode. (Speaking Japanese). How does that sound now? In this favorite 2021 episode, psychologist Adam Grant pushes back against the benefits of certainty, and describes the magic that unfolds when we challenge our own deeply-held beliefs. This week, in the final installment of our Happiness 2.0 series, psychologist Dacher Keltner describes what happens when we stop to savor the beauty in nature, art, or simply the moral courage of those around us. This is NPR. Parents and peers influence our major life choices. But it's a lovely example of how language can guide you to discover something about the world that might take you longer to discover if you didn't have that information in language. Shankar Vedantam, host of the popular podcast "Hidden Brain" has been reporting on human behavior for decades. : A Data-Driven Prescription to Redefine Professional Success, by Lawrence S. Krieger and Kennon M. Sheldon, George Washington Law Review, 2015. It is the very fabric, the very core of your experience. Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Dont Know, by Adam Grant, 2021. If a transcript is available, you'll see a Transcript button which expands to reveal the full transcript. Researcher Elizabeth Dunn helps us map out the unexpected ways we can find joy and happiness in our everyday lives. For example, when we started talking about navigation, that's an example where a 5-year-old in a culture that uses words like north, south, east and west can point southeast without hesitation. native tongue without even thinking about it. In this episode, we explore how long-term relationships have changed over time and whether we might be able to improve marriage by asking less of it. After claiming your Listen Notes podcast pages, you will be able to: Respond to listener comments on Listen Notes, Use speech-to-text techniques to transcribe your show and Those are quirks of grammar literally in stone. You know, I was trying to stay oriented because people were treating me like I was pretty stupid for not being oriented, and that hurt. Many of us believe that hard work and persistence are the key to achieving our goals. And maybe the convenience store or the shop is really not that far away. All of the likes and, like, literallies (ph) might sometimes grate on your nerves, but John McWhorter says the problem might be with you, not with the way other people speak. Perspectives on the Situation by Harry T. Reis, and John G. Holmes, in The Oxford Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology, 2012. This week, in the final . And, of course, you always have to wonder, well, could it be that speakers of these different languages are actually seeing different kinds of bridges? What Makes Lawyers Happy? For more on decision-making, check out our episode on how to make wiser choices. What techniques did that person use to persuade you? MCWHORTER: Those are called contronyms, and literally has become a new contronym. So the question for us has been, how do we build these ideas? Language as it evolved was just talking to an extent that can be very hard for we literate people to imagine. He didn't like that people were shortening the words. Well never sell your personal information. But what happens when these feelings catch up with us? If you're studying a new language, you might discover these phrases not. VEDANTAM: It took just one week of living in Japan for Jennifer to pick up an important new term. But if you prefer life - the unpredictability of life - then living language in many ways are much more fun. But what we should teach is not that the good way is logical and the way that you're comfortable doing it is illogical. Look at it. In this favorite episode from 2021, Cornell University psychologist Anthony Burrow explains why purpose isnt something to be found its somethi, It's natural to want to run away from difficult emotions such as grief, anger and fear. They can be small differences but important in other ways. But that can blind us to a very simple source of joy thats all around us. This is Hidden Brain. You can find the transcript for most episodes of Hidden Brain on our website. That's because change is hard. So if the word for death was masculine in your language, you were likely to paint death as a man. We post open positions (including internships) on our jobs page. So bilinguals are kind of this in-between case where they can't quite turn off their other languages, but they become more prominent, more salient when you are actually speaking the language or surrounded by the language. But that can blind us to a very simple source of joy thats all around us. You can find the transcript for most episodes of Hidden Brain on our website. BORODITSKY: Yeah. So new words are as likely to evolve as old ones. We love the idea of Hidden Brain helping to spark discussions in your community. Our transcripts are provided by various partners and may contain errors or deviate slightly from the audio. Assessing the Seeds of Relationship Decay: Using Implicit Evaluations to Detect the Early Stages of Disillusionment, by Soonhee Lee, Ronald D. Rogge, and Harry T. Reis, Psychological Science, 2010. UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN #1: (Speaking foreign language). As you're going about your day, you likely interact with family, friends and coworkers. Our transcripts are provided by various partners and may contain errors or deviate slightly from the audio. Psychologist Ken Sheldon studies the science of figuring out what you want. She once visited an aboriginal community in northern Australia and found the language they spoke forced her mind to work in new ways. If you missed it, Think back to the last time someone convinced you to do something you didn't want to do, or to spend money you didn't want to spend. Our transcripts are provided by various partners and may contain errors or deviate slightly from the audio. MCWHORTER: Oh, yeah, I'm a human being. But, you know, John, something gnaws at me every time I hear the word used wrong. So the way you say hi in Kuuk Thaayorre is to say, which way are you heading? And they suggest that differences across languages do, in fact, predict some of these measures of gender equality across countries. That is the direction of writing in Hebrew and Arabic, going from right to left. Growing up, I understood this word to mean for a very short time, as in John McWhorter was momentarily surprised. in your textbooks but when you're hanging out with friends. Subscribe: iOS | Android | Spotify | RSS | Amazon | Stitcher Latest Episodes: Happiness 2.0: The Reset Button Hidden Brain Hidden Brain, Shankar Vedantam Science 4.6 36K Ratings; Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships. No matter how hard you try to feel happier, you end up back where you started. BORODITSKY: One thing that we've noticed is this idea of time, of course, is very highly constructed by our minds and our brains. In the final episode of our Relationships 2.0 series, psychologistHarry Reis says theres another ingredient to successful relationships thats every bit as important as love. And if the word bridge is masculine in your language, you're more likely to say that bridges are strong and long and towering - these kind of more stereotypically masculine words. But can you imagine someone without imagining their gender? And so to address that question, what we do is we bring English speakers into the lab, and we teach them grammatical genders in a new language that we invent. BORODITSKY: It's certainly possible. John, you've noted that humans have been using language for a very long time, but for most of that time language has been about talking. So we did an analysis of images in Artstor. Whats going on here? How to Foster Perceived Partner Responsiveness: High-Quality LIstening is Key, by Guy Itzchakov, Harry Reis, and Netta Weinstein, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2021. NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. So I think it's an incredible tragedy that we're losing all of this linguistic diversity, all of this cultural diversity because it is human heritage. But what most people mean is that there'll be slang, that there'll be new words for new things and that some of those words will probably come from other languages. Many of us rush through our days, weeks, and lives, chasing goals, and just trying to get everything done. Lera is a cognitive science professor at the University of California, San Diego. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. In the final episode of our "Mind Reading 2.0" series, we bring back one of our favorite conversations, with linguist Deborah Tannen. I've always found that a very grating way to ask for something at a store. The dictionary says both uses are correct. No matter how hard you try to feel happier, you end up back where you started. Transcript - How language shapes the way we think by Lera Boroditsky.docx, The Singapore Quality Award requires organisations to show outstanding results, The following lots of Commodity Z were available for sale during the year, b The authors identify 5 types of misinformation in the abstract but discuss 7, 17 Chow N Asian value and aged care Geriatr Gerontol Int 20044521 5 18 Chow NWS, Writing Results and Discussion Example.docx, A 6 month old infant weighing 15 lb is admitted with a diagnosis of dehydration, ng_Question_-_Assessment_1_-_Proposing_Evidence-Based_Change.doc, The Social Security checks the Government sends to grandmothers are considered A, 03 If a covered member participates on the clients attest engagement or is an, AURETR143 Student Assessment - Theory v1.1.docx. So you have speakers of two different languages look at the same event and come away with different memories of what happened because of the structure of their languages and the way they would normally describe them. So when I ask you to, say, imagine a man walking down the street, well, in your imagery, you're going to have some details completed and some will be left out. It's not something that you typically go out trying to do intentionally. So you can't know how the words are going to come out, but you can take good guesses. But what happens when these feelings catch up with us? MCWHORTER: Yes, that's exactly true. GEACONE-CRUZ: It describes this feeling so perfectly in such a wonderfully packaged, encapsulated way, and you can just - it rolls off the tongue, and you can just throw it. BORODITSKY: Thank you so much for having me. And as odd as that sounds, I can guarantee you if you watch any TV show with women under a certain age or if you just go out on an American street and listen, you'll find that that's a new kind of exclamatory particle. But what happens when these feelings catch up with us? Time now for "My Unsung Hero," our series from the team at Hidden Brain telling the stories of . 437 Episodes Produced by Hidden Brain, Shankar Vedantam Website. So if you took a bunch of those tendencies, you could make up, say, the English of 50 years from now, but some of the things would just be complete chance. Go behind the scenes, see what Shankar is reading and find more useful resources and links. Evaluating Changes in Motivation, Values, and Well-being, by Kennon M. Sheldon and Lawrence S. Krieger, Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 2004. In this week's My Unsung Hero, Sarah Feldman thanks someone for their gift more than 20 years ago. So you can think about an un-gendered person in the same way that I might think about a person without a specific age or specific height or specific color shirt. Copyright Hidden Brain Media | Privacy Policy, Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Dont Know, Refusing to Apologize can have Psychological Benefits, The Effects of Conflict Types, Dimensions, and Emergent States on Group Outcomes, Social Functionalist Frameworks for Judgment and Choice: Intuitive Politicians, Theologians, and Prosecutors, Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams, The Effective Negotiator Part 1: The Behavior of Successful Negotiators, The Effective Negotiator Part 2: Planning for Negotiations, Read the latest from the Hidden Brain Newsletter. VEDANTAM: Around the world, we often hear that many languages are dying, and there are a few megalanguages that are growing and expanding in all kinds of ways. He's a defender of language on the move, but I wanted to know if there were things that irritated even him. But I understand that in Spanish, this would come out quite differently. Social Functionalist Frameworks for Judgment and Choice: Intuitive Politicians, Theologians, and Prosecutors, by Philip Tetlock, Psychology Review, 2002. MCWHORTER: It's a matter of fashion, pure and simple. - so one skull but two different minds, and you shift from one to the other. This takes kids a little while to figure out, and he had all kinds of clever ways to ask these questions. You couldn't have predicted this I know-uh move-uh (ph). UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #10: (Speaking Russian). I'm Shankar Vedantam. And so somebody will say, well, who was it who you thought was going to give you this present? Opening scene of Lady Bird Flight attendant Steven Slater slides from a plane after quitting Transcript Podcast: Subscribe to the Hidden Brain Podcast on your favorite podcast player so you never miss an episode. The transcript below may be for an earlier version of this episode. And that is an example of a simple feature of language - number words - acting as a transformative stepping stone to a whole domain of knowledge. BORODITSKY: My family is Jewish, and we left as refugees. This is Hidden Brain. But what I am thinking is, you should realize that even if you don't like it, there's nothing wrong with it in the long run because, for example, Jonathan Swift didn't like it that people were saying kissed instead of kiss-ed (ph) and rebuked instead of rebuk-ed (ph). Well, if you have a word like that and if it's an intensifier of that kind, you can almost guess that literally is going to come to mean something more like just really. Purpose can also boost our health and longevity. Toula and Ian's different backgrounds become apparent on one of their very first dates. And if it was feminine, then you're likely to paint death as a woman. Copyright 2018 NPR. : A Data-Driven Prescription to Redefine Professional Success, Does Legal Education Have Undermining Effects on Law Students? I'm Shankar Vedantam. VEDANTAM: So all this raises a really interesting question. And if that is true, then the educated person can look down on people who say Billy and me went to the store or who are using literally, quote, unquote, "wrong" and condemn them in the kinds of terms that once were ordinary for condemning black people or women or what have you. All episodes of Hidden Brain - Chartable Hidden Brain Episodes Happiness 2.0: The Reset Button Many of us rush through our lives, chasing goals and just trying to get everything done. And I did that. And so he suggested it might be the case that the arbitrarily assigned grammatical genders are actually changing the way people think about these days of the week and maybe all kinds of other things that are named by nouns. Many of us rush through our lives, chasing goals and just trying to get everything done. If the language stayed the way it was, it would be like a pressed flower in a book or, as I say, I think it would be like some inflatable doll rather than a person. Of course, eventually, the Finnish kids also figured it out because language isn't the only source of that information, otherwise it would be quite surprising for the Finns to be able to continue to reproduce themselves. Mistakes and errors are what turned Latin into French. podcast pages. Now I can stay oriented. Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships. VEDANTAM: This episode of HIDDEN BRAIN was produced by Rhaina Cohen, Maggie Penman and Thomas Lu with help from Renee Klahr, Jenny Schmidt, Parth Shah and Chloe Connelly. When the con was exposed, its victims defended the con artists. And then question 21 was, is this person a man or a woman? And there are all kinds of interesting, useful, eye-opening ideas that exist in all of the world's languages. And it's sad that we're not going to be able to make use of them and learn them and celebrate them. L. Gable, et. I'm Shankar Vedantam. VEDANTAM: I understand there's been some work looking at children and that children who speak certain languages are actually quicker to identify gender and their own gender than children who are learning other languages in other cultures. 4.62. One study that I love is a study that asked monolingual speakers of Italian and German and also bilingual speakers of Italian and German to give reasons for why things are the grammatical genders that they are. This is HIDDEN BRAIN. And they asked me all kinds of questions about them. No matter how hard you try to feel happier, you end up back where you started. It turns out, as you point out, that in common usage, literally literally means the opposite of literally. This week, in the second installment of our Happiness 2.0 series, psychologist Todd Kashdan looks at the relationship between distress and happiness, and how to keep difficult emotions from sabotaging our wellbeing. And one day, I was walking along, and I was just staring at the ground. We convince a colleague to take a different tactic at work. UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN #2: (Speaking foreign language). According to neuroscientists who study laughter, it turns out that chuckles and giggles often aren't a response to humorthey're a response to people. BORODITSKY: And when they were trying to act like Wednesday, they would act like a woman BORODITSKY: Which accords with grammatical gender in Russian. And then if you are going to be that elliptical, why use the casual word get? If you're studying a new language, you might discover these phrases not in your textbooks but when you're hanging out with friends. JENNIFER GEACONE-CRUZ: My name is Jennifer Geacone-Cruz. And it's just too much of an effort, and you can't be bothered to do it, even though it's such a small thing. VEDANTAM: Still don't have a clear picture? The size of this effect really quite surprised me because I would have thought at the outset that, you know, artists are these iconoclasts. GEACONE-CRUZ: It's a Sunday afternoon, and it's raining outside. Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams, by Amy Edmondson, Administrative Science Quarterly, 1999. and pick the featured episodes for your show. It has to do with the word momentarily. When we come back, we dig further into the way that gender works in different languages and the pervasive effects that words can play in our lives. It is a great, free way to engage the podcast community and increase the visibility of your podcasts. So for example, grammatical gender - because grammatical gender applies to all nouns in your language, that means that language is shaping the way you think about everything that can be named by a noun. It's testament to the incredible ingenuity and complexity of the human mind that all of these different perspectives on the world have been invented. BORODITSKY: Yeah, that's true. He says there are things we can do to make sure our choices align with our deepest values. All rights reserved. VEDANTAM: Languages seem to have different ways of communicating agency. Our transcripts are provided by various partners and may contain errors or deviate slightly from the audio. Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships. And this is NPR. This is a database with millions of art images. But they can also steer us in directions that leave us deeply unsatisfied. That is utterly arbitrary that those little slits in American society look elderly, but for various chance reasons, that's what those slits came to mean, so I started wearing flat-fronted pants. But time doesn't have to flow with respect to the body. That is the most random thing. If you are able, we strongly encourage you to listen to the audio, which includes emotion and emphasis that's not on the page. It's how we think about anything that's abstract, that's beyond our physical senses. So one possibility for bilinguals would be that they just have two different minds inside - right? BORODITSKY: I spoke really terrible Indonesian at the time, so I was trying to practice. Trusted by 5,200 companies and developers. You can't smell or taste time. al, Group Decision and Negotiation, 2008. So for example, English speakers, because they're very likely to say, he did it or someone did it, they are very good at remembering who did it, even if it's an accident. VEDANTAM: There are phrases in every language that are deeply evocative and often, untranslatable. I'm Shankar Vedantam. VEDANTAM: Jennifer moved to Japan for graduate school. Hidden Brain. How come you aren't exactly the way you were 10 years ago? I think language can certainly be a contributor into the complex system of our thinking about gender. al (Eds. It's as if you saw a person - I'm not going to say at 4 because then the person is growing up, and if I use that analogy then it seems like I'm saying that language grows up or it moves toward something or it develops. VEDANTAM: You make the case that concerns over the misuse of language might actually be one of the last places where people can publicly express prejudice and class differences. Psychologist Ken Sheldon studies the science of figuring out what you want. VEDANTAM: In the English-speaking world, she goes by Lera Boroditsky. We lobby a neighbor to vote for our favored political candidate. This week, we kick off a month-long series we're calling Happiness 2.0. The transcript below may be for an earlier version of this episode. As soon as you move the leg, it becomes a different leg. You can find all Hidden Brain episodes on our website. It's natural to want to run away from difficult emotions such as grief, anger and fear. I'm Shankar Vedanta. Whats going on here? How do you balance the imperative of teaching correct usage? Go behind the scenes, see what Shankar is reading and find more useful resources and links. So I think it's something that is quite easy for humans to learn if you just have a reason to want to do it. this is hidden brain I'm Shankar Vedantam in the classic TV series Star Trek Mister Spock has a foolproof technique for accurately reading the thoughts and feelings of others the Vulcan mind I am Spock you James our minds are moving closer most most here are kind of hard we have new technology that gives us direct access to the minds of others so MCWHORTER: You could have fun doing such a thing. (SOUNDBITE OF TV SHOW, "PARKS AND RECREATION"). And MIT linguist Ken Hale, who's a renowned linguist, said that every time a language dies, it's the equivalent of a bomb being dropped on the Louvre. In a lot of languages, there isn't. Physicist Richard Feynman once said, "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself, and you are the easiest person to fool." One way we fool ourselves is by imagining we know more than we do; we think we are experts. And, I mean, really, it sounds exactly like that. But does a person who says that really deserve the kind of sneering condemnation that you often see? You may also use the Hidden Brain name in invitations sent to a small group of personal contacts for such purposes as a listening club or discussion forum.

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